UiTMEDUAPPS: INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

ABSTRACT

UiTMEDUAPP: Introduction to Public Administration is an educational multi-platform app that can be accessed via playstore, windows software and web. This application is based on the FSPPP course, PAD102: Introduction to Public Administration in which the content are developed by our supervisor, the resource person for the course, Dr Ahmad Faiz bin Yaakob. This app is among the UiTMEDUAPP series of educational apps developed by Aisya Academy, an online educational platform, in helping students comprehensively understand the subjects offered in FSPPP. The significance of this app is to help cater the learning process of students by using the current pedagogy trends which is mobile learning. The aim of this app is to provide free, quality and accessible education to anyone at anytime and anywhere.

To download, click the link below:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.uitmeduapppad102

Or to stream the product, click the link below:
https://aisyaacademy.itch.io/uitmeduapps-introduction-to-public-administration

After experiencing our application, please answer this questionnaire for further improvement efforts by the application developers.
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmv0p8YQoxQzu11JbD4f_oAopXrOai7DpeLJtzwTHVs7av1Q/viewform?usp=sf_link

For more information, 
Contact fatima (0127060433)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The underlying problem of high failure rates among students has caused our team to take the initiative in developing this app. The failure rates for the subject's three consecutive terms are as follows:

TERMS	2017/2018 (Session 1)	2017/2018 (Session 2)	2018/2019 (Session 1)
FAILURE RATES	0.13%	0.05%	0.17%

LITERATURE REVIEW

As Malaysia embraces the dawning of the IR 4.0, the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia is forging ahead by revamping the Malaysian education system. Embedded into the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2015-2025 (MEB Higher Education), the ministry plans to change the process of teaching and learning for students through its Learning and Teaching (L&T) 4.0 package.

Higher Education Ministry secretary-general Tan Sri Dr Noorul Ainur Mohd Nur said Malaysia’s Higher Education policy is being transformed to keep pace in tandem with the fast changing technology. “Towards achieving a developed nation status, higher education is one of the most important sectors to propel Malaysia’s talent development in spearheading Malaysia’s socio-economic growth in line with the 11th Malaysia Plan as well as Malaysia Higher Education Blueprint (2015-2025). The Blueprint envisaged 10 shifts in the higher education sector to make Malaysia as the best higher education hub in the world. To further strengthen the 10 shifts, various initiatives were introduced through Redesigning Malaysian Higher Education System,” she said.

With the theme of ‘Higher Education 4.0: Knowledge, Industry and Humanity’, four principle aspects will essentially be put in focus:

1. Redesigning of learning spaces

2. Incorporation of 21st century pedagogies

3. Applying a fluid and organic curriculum, responding to innovations & new areas of knowledge

4. Incorporation of the latest L&T technologies

 Malaysian tertiary institutions are preparing several measures in keeping up to the impact of IR4.0. This includes:

• restructure academic faculties according to the needs and scopes fitting to IR 4.0

• introducing new courses such as data analytics, big data, cyber physical system technologies such as artificial intelligence and robotic, digitized economy and technopreneurship

• emphasize for on-demand learning and multiple modes of education

• introducing massive open online courses (MOOCs) to enable enrolment of global cohorts

• developing multidisciplinary curriculum combining science, engineering, ICT and social sciences

• putting more emphasis on soft skills

The Higher Education Minister Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh said "The fourth industrial revolution represents new ways in which disruptive technologies are embedded in our daily experience. There is a need to redesign the education system and transform the learning and teaching delivery as well as demand for various sectors to enhance, reskill and upscale talents. New approaches such as changing the learning environment, evaluation without examination and various other initiatives are provided in the guideline. We want future talents and graduates to adapt to the changes and demands of the revolution. Therefore, the book illustrates that regardless of technological advancement and changes, graduates will be able to overcome this with disruptive innovation and through lifelong learning."

The advancements in mobile technology are rapidly changing the nature of learning by allowing flexible and instance access to rich digital content. Mobile learning (M-learning) is the next form of e-learning using mobile technologies to facilitate education for teachers and learners anywhere and anytime (Alzaza & Yaakub, 2011a). The potential benefits of m-learning have been widely touted from a range of purposes, including cost savings, worldwide communications, easy access, study aids, convenience and location-based services. There are three features of m-learning can change the learning experience of students (Traxler, 2007, 2008, 2010; Wang & Higgins, 2006) which are:

(a) Portability: mobile devices can be taken to different locations,

(b) Instant connectivity: mobile devices can be used to access a variety of information anytime and anywhere with instant connectivity facility, and

(c) Context sensitivity: mobile devices can be used to find and gather real or simulated data (BenMoussa, 2003; Churchill & Churchill, 2008; Klopfer, Squire, & Jenkins, 2002).

OBJECTIVES

Among the objectives of UiTMEDUAPP: Introduction to Public Administration are:

·       To provide free, quality and accessible education to anyone, anywhere and anytime

·       To develop Malaysians into a developed nation of becoming an information society

·       To promote life long education by making the course content accessible via smartphones, tablets and computers

NOVELTY

The underlying principle of this project is to provide free, quality and accessible education to anyone, anywhere and anytime. This alligns with Vision 2020 which aims to develop Malaysians into a developed nation of becoming an information society. Therefore, the Higher Education Institutions should be more transparent in their course content and are able to share their knowledge to the world at large for the betterment of the global development. These course content are transformed from the traditional classroom setting to e-content such as the use of media i.e. pictures, videos, sound and text. The novelty of UiTMEDUAPP: Introduction to Public Administration is it uses the means of current pedagogy trends which are mobile learning. In which are among the initiatives of e-learning that aims to promote life long education by making the course content accessible via smartphones, tablets and computers.

COMMERCIALIZATION

The commercial value is that this application can be easily accessed by students be it by:

·       Downloading the app from the playstore

·       streaming from the web via multiplatform i.e. smartphone, tablet and computer

·       buying the physical discs containing the windows software

BENEFITS TO SOCIETY

Among the benefits of this app is:

·       spearheading the initiatives of Higher Education 4.0 by UiTM

·       reducing the failure rates for the course PAD102: Introduction to Public Administration

·       providing a free, quality and accessible education to anyone at anytime and anywhere

FOCUS GROUP

The target groups are as follows:

·       students who are taking the course PAD102: Introduction to Public Administration

·       those interested in learning on Malaysian public administration

·       social science students from around the globe

REFERENCES

Alzaza, N. S., & Yaakub, A. R. (2011a). Mobile information prototype (SMIP) for the higher education environment. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(1), 81-86.

Alzaza, N. S., & Yaakub, A. R. (2011b). Students awareness and requirements of mobile learning services in the higher education environment. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(1), 95-100.

Barker, A., Krull, G., & Mallinson, B. (2005). A proposed theoretical model for m-learning adoption in developing countries. Mobile technology: The future of learning in your hands.

Ministry of Higher Education: 2018 Mandate-Embracing industry 4.0

MIGHT, myForesight 21st Edition, 2018

Ministry of International Trade and Industry: The National Industry 4.0 Policy Framework

APPENDIXES

NEGLIGENCE

NEGLIGENCE

I	NTRODUCTION
L	AW
A	PPLICATION
C	ONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Negligence is defined as the breach of a legal duty to take care which results in damage to the plaintiff, undesired by defendant. It consists of three elements which are duty of care owed by the defendant by the plaintiff, breach of duty of care by the defendant and the consequential damage to the plaintiff.

LAW

DUTY OF CARE

The first element is duty of care which is defined as an obligation recognised by law to avoid conduct fraught with unreasonable risk of danger to others.

The principle to ascertain the existence of duty of care is the neighbour principle laid down in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson. In this case, the defendant drank ginger beer from an opaque bottle bought by her friend then, realised a decomposed snail in it and consequently fell ill. It was held that a person must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which can reasonable foreseen to injure a neighbour. A neighbour are persons who are closely and directly affected by my act. Hence, the defendant is liable.

The neighbour principle is an objective test which the court will ask the question: would a reasonable man, who is in the same circumstances as the defendant, foresee that his conduct will adversely affect the plaintiff? If the answer is no, the plaintiff is not a “neighbour” of the defendant, and no duty of care arises and vice versa.

BREACH OF DUTY

The second element is breach of duty which occurs when the defendant does something that is perceived to be below the minimum standard of care, which is measured through the standard of a reasonable man.

The test whether there has been breach of duty is laid down in the case of Blyth v Brimingham Waterworks which held that negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man would do or doing something which a reasonable man would not do. A reasonable man is an ordinary man expected to not have any particular skills. The court must decide in the circumstances of the case, what would a reasonable man had foreseen.

Reasonably foreseeable is whether a knowledge is known to a reasonable man. The case to illustrate this is Roe v Minister of Health where the crack in the aesthetic tube caused it to be contaminated and resulting to the defendant to be paralyzed. It was held that the doctor was not liable as the knowledge of the crack causing contamination was not known in the medical practice at that time.

The factors that the courts should consider are magnitude of the risk, importance of the object to be obtained and practicability of precautions.
In magnitude of the risk, the court considers the likelihood of the injury and the seriousness of the injury. The case to illustrate this is Bolton v Stone in which the cricket ball had hit the plaintiff surpassing the high walls and nets. It was held the defendant was not liable because they had taken precautions that reduces the likelihood and seriousness of injury.

In importance of object to be obtained, is it necessary to balance the risk against the consequences of not taking it. The case relevant is Watt v Hertfordshire where a fireman was injured in the lorry that was not well equipped to carry the heavy jack. It was held that the fire authorities weren’t liable because the jack was necessary to save a life.

In practicability of precautions, the risk must be balanced against the practical measures necessary to eliminate it. The case relevant is Latimer v AEC in which the occupiers tried to get rid of the effects of the flood in the factory however, the plaintiff got injured. It was held that closing the factory is not a practical precaution for a slippery floor.

Damage

The third element is damage which is determined by the but-for test in which the question: but-for the defendant’s breach of duty, would the plaintiff have suffered damage? If yes, then the defendant’s breach did not cause plaintiff’s injury.

The case to illustrate this is Barnett v Chelsea in which the plaintiff’s husband consulted the doctor but was dismissed and later, he died from poisoning. It was held that even if the man was treated, he would have still died.

The next test is the remoteness of damage which the question: whether a reasonable man would foresee the damage. If yes, the damage is not remote and is liable.

The case to illustrate this is The Wagon Mound which the oil that leaked into the harbour was caught on fire from welding sparks resulting to damage of the wharf. It was held that the damage was not foreseeable as the oil was not flammable.

APPLICATION

Prove each elements

·         Duty of care

o   Neighbour principle

·         Breach of duty

o   Reasonable man

o   Reasonably foreseeable

o   Magnitude of risk

o   Importance of object to be obtained

o   Practicability of precautions

·         Damage

o   But-for test

o   Remoteness of damage

CONCLUSION

Hence, the elements are proven rendering the defendant liable. The plaintiff can claim compensation or damages.

Call to guidance

He who calls to a guidance, will earn a reward similar to the rewards of those who accept his call, until the Day of Resurrection, without decreasing their rewards.
(Hadith recorded by Muslim)

Issue: KL residents dine in restaurants eating takeaway food to avoid service fees

Consumers argument:
1. We're not eating outside food
2. We are still supporting businesses
3. Its a cost-saving trick living in a high standard of living

Eateries argument:
1. It is unethical because it violates honesty
2. Restaurants unable to evict customers from premuses because they have to avoid backlash from social media
3. Food service industry claim that employers lose thousands of ringgit every month

Law:
Service charge of 10% is payable to restaurants when diners order to eat in the premises.
Service tax is payable to the government and is charged on the food regardless if customers take away or eat in.

Conclusion:
Eateries avail this opportunity by turning it into a marketing strategy. They portray on social media that there are many people going to their restaurants.

UNDISABUSED

1977 J. F. Hausfeld & M. W. Jackson "On 'political education'" Australian journal of political science (Vol.13 No.1, doi:10.1080/00323267808401651) p.162:
    If our students do not learn these things from us they will continue undisabused in the misconceptions widely believed and propagated in the Australian society at large.

Lonesome

What good does literature sound when none could relate to my pain? Because stories are meant to be shared. But mine only resembles my own loneliness.

Heartbeat

My heartbeat is irritating. I wish it would stop. The loudest music doesn't drown its presence. I can feel it in my chest. The aching reminds me of the constant pain.